Sufficient evidence to prove that the current version of the United States quarter, which is composed of roughly 76.4% copper with a 3% variable, can be a determining factor in testicular cancer. Studies on mice have shown that copper absorbed through the skin accumulates in the liver, kidneys and testicles. This copper interferes with cellular functions leading to the production of free radicals which can damage the cells' DNA and can lead to cancer. These studies have been previously done, most by our own Institute and Professors (previous research articles listed below), but we did not take into account Cupric Acid as a contributing factor.Excerpt from PRJ. Page 13; Paragraph 4 & 5Studies as early as November 3rd of 2010 have suggested that the Cupric Oxide that forms on the surface of copper coins over time could be a leading cause of testicular cancer in men. Using mouse and rabbit models, scientists were able to demonstrate that almost one quarter (23.5%) of the test animals developed this form of cancer with 4 months exposure to low amounts of cupric oxide. A team of Biochemists and Cell Biologists working in partnership with CRUK also observed that the constant friction between a human’s leg and old coins such as the US quarter in a pocket of leg-wear was enough to dislodge amounts of Cupric Oxide capable of posing a serious risk over time - the powdery substance can then rub into the skin of the thigh, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. Unbound copper at incorrect oxidation state in the bloodstream poses many significant threats to human health, and has been shown to accumulate in the testicles.The studies show imbalances of copper, particularly Cu3+ from cupric acid, causes disruption in the electron transport chain in the cells of the tissues where they accumulate. By interfering with oxidation and reduction reactions between various cytochrome proteins in the membrane of the mitocondrion, oxygen is not properly reduced, producing dangerous free radicals such as superoxide and hydroxide ions. These free radicals, or reactive oxygen species are highly reactive and penetrative, causing chain reactions in the cell which if not stopped by anti-oxidant proteins (vitamin C, E) often cause damage to the DNA of the cell. Persistent damage to the DNA of a cell can cause mutations, leading to cell death or mutagenesis leading to tumor formation
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